Lipopeptides as antibacterial agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel lipopeptide compounds. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions of these compounds and methods of using these compounds as antibacterial compounds. The invention also relates to methods of producing these novel lipopeptide compounds and intermediates used in producing these compounds.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/738,742, filed Dec. 15, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,525, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/170,943, filed Dec. 15, 1999.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel lipopeptide compounds. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions of these compounds and methods of using these compounds as antibacterial compounds. The invention also relates to methods of producing these novel lipopeptide compounds and intermediates used in producing these compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The rapid increase in the incidence of gram-positive infections—including those caused by resistant bacteria—has sparked renewed interest in the development of novel classes of antibiotics. A class of compounds which have shown potential as useful antibiotics includes the A-21978C lipopeptides described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. RE 32,333; RE 32,455; RE 32,311; RE 32,310; 4,482,487; 4,537,717; and 5,912,226. Daptomycin, a member of this class, has potent bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo against clinically relevant gram-positive bacteria that cause serious and life-threatening diseases. These bacteria include resistant pathogens, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), glycopeptide intermediate susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (GISA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), for which there are few therapeutic alternatives. See, e.g., Tally et al., 1999, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 8:1223-1238.

Despite the promise that antibacterial agents such as daptomycin offer, the need for novel antibiotics continues. Many pathogens have been repeatedly exposed to commonly-used antibiotics. This exposure has led to the selection of variant antibacterial strains resistant to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. The loss of potency and effectiveness of an antibiotic caused by resistant mechanisms renders the antibiotic ineffective and consequently can lead to life-threatening infections that are virtually untreatable. As new antibiotics come to market pathogens may develop resistance or intermediate resistance to these new drugs, effectively creating a need for a stream of new antibacterial agents to combat these emerging strains. In addition compounds that exhibit bacteriacidal activity would offer advantages over present bacteriastatic compounds. Thus, novel synthetic antibacterial agents would be expected to be useful to treat not only “natural” pathogens, but also intermediate drug resistant and drug resistant pathogens because the pathogen has never been exposed to the novel antibacterial agent. Additionally, new antibacterial agents may exhibit differential effectiveness against different types of pathogens.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses this problem by providing novel lipopeptide compounds which have antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including drug-resistant bacteria. Further, the compounds of the present invention exhibit bacteriacidal activity.

The present invention comprises, in one aspect, antibacterial compounds of Formula I:

and salts thereof,

wherein R is:

wherein X and X″ are independently selected from C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X), S═O or SO₂;

wherein n is 0 or 1;

wherein R^(X) is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy;

wherein B is X″R^(Y), H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; and

wherein R^(Y) is selected from hydrido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl.

In one aspect, A is H, NH₂, NHR^(A), NR^(A)R^(B), heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or carboalkoxy;

wherein when n is 0, then A is additionally selected from:

wherein each R⁵⁰—R⁵³ is independently selected from (C₁-C₁₅) alkyl;

provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than

(a) a pyridinyl ring substituted with a single NHC(O)R^(D) substitutent or

(b) a (C₅-C₆) saturated cycloalkyl ring substituted with a single NHC(O)R^(D) substitutent, wherein R^(D) is (C₁-C₁₇) unsubstituted alkyl or (C₂-C₁₇) unsubstituted alkenyl; and

when B is H and n is 0, then A is not H.

In another aspect, A is aryl;

provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than a phenyl ring substituted with either:

(a) —O—((C₈-C₁₅) unsubstituted alkyl), wherein said phenyl ring may be further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from halo, nitro, (C₁-C₃) alkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₃) alkoxy or (C₁-C₃) alkylthio; or

(b) —NHC(O)R^(D), wherein the phenyl ring may be further optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from amino, nitro, (C₁-C₃) alkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₃) alkoxy, halo, mercapto, (C₁-C₃) alkylthio, carbamyl or (C₁-C₃) alkylcarbamyl; wherein R^(D) is as defined previously.

In a third aspect of the invention, A is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy or aryloxy;

provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than

-   -   (a) —(C₁-C₁₆ unsubstituted alkyl)-NH₂;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₁₀ unsubstituted alkyl)-NHC(O)R^(D), wherein R^(D) is         as defined previously;     -   (c) —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkyl, optionally substituted with up to one         hydroxyl, carboxyl, or C₁-C₃ alkoxy, or one to three halo         substituents;     -   (d) —(C₄-C₁₈)-unsubstituted alkenyl;

wherein R⁵⁴ is selected from C₁-C₁₇-unsubstituted alkyl or C₂-C₁₇-unsubstituted alkenyl; wherein R⁵⁵ is selected from hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, mercaptoethyl, methylthioethyl, 2-thienyl, 3-indolemethyl, phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from halo, nitro, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkoxy, C₁-C₃-unsubsituted alkylthio, carbamyl or C₁-C₃ unsubstituted alkylcarbamyl; or benzyl optionally substituted with a group selected from halo, nitro, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkoxy, C₁-C₃-unsubsituted alkylthio, carbamyl or C₁-C₃ unsubstituted alkylcarbamyl; wherein t is 0 or 1 and wherein u is an integer from 1-3; and

when B is H and X is C═O, then X, together with A, does not form a carbamate amino protecting group; and

when B is H and n is 0, then A is other than C₄-C₁₄ unsubstituted alkyl.

In a fourth aspect, B and A together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring.

Wherein R¹ is

wherein X′ and X′″ are independently selected from C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X)′, S═O or SO₂;

wherein m is 0 or 1;

wherein R^(X)′ is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy;

wherein B′ is X′″R^(Y)′, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein R^(Y)′ is selected from hydrido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl;

wherein A′ is H, NH₂, NHR^(A)′, NR^(A)′R^(B)′, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein R^(A)′ and R^(B)′ are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or carboalkoxy;

wherein when m is 0, then A′ is additionally selected from:

wherein each of R⁵⁰—R⁵³ is independently selected from C₁-C₁₅ alkyl;

alternatively, wherein B′ and A′ together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring.

Wherein R² is

wherein K and K′ together form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring or a C₅-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl ring;

wherein J is selected from the group consisting of hydrido, amino, NHR^(J), NR^(J)R^(K), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylamino, hydroxyl, thio, alkylthio, alkenylthio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, azido, cyano, halo,

wherein each of R²⁴, R²⁵, and R²⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; or R²⁴ and R²⁵ together form a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl ring;

wherein R^(J) and R^(K) are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; or

alternatively, wherein J, together with R¹⁷, forms a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl ring; or

alternatively, wherein J, together with both R¹⁷ and R¹⁸, forms a 5-8 membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring; and

wherein each of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido, hydroxyl, halo, alkoxy, amino, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and

wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together can form a group consisting of ketal, thioketal,

wherein each of R²² and R²³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido and alkyl.

In another embodiment, the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula I and methods of use thereof.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides methods of making compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

In an even further embodiment, the invention provides compounds useful as intermediates for the preparation of the compounds of Formula I.

In a still further embodiment, the invention provides methods of use of the compounds of Formula I to treat bacterial infections in humans.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

Molecular terms, when used in this application, have their common meaning unless otherwise specified.

The term “hydrido” denotes a single hydrogen atom (H).

The term “acyl” is defined as a carbonyl radical attached to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycyl, aryl or heteroaryl group, examples including, without limitation, such radicals as acetyl and benzoyl.

The term “amino” denotes a nitrogen radical containing two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido, alkyl, cycloalkyl, carboalkoxy, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl and sulfonyl. Subsets of the term amino are (1) the term “unsubstituted amino” which denotes an NH₂ radical, (2) the term “mono substituted amino” which is defined as a nitrogen radical containing a hydrido group and a substituent group selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and (3) the term “disubstituted amino” which is defined as a nitrogen radical containing two substituent groups independently selected from, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. Preferred mono substituted amino radicals are “lower mono substituted amino” radicals, whereby the substituent group is a lower alkyl group. Preferred disubstituted amino radicals are “lower disubstituted amino” radicals, whereby the substituent groups are lower alkyl.

The term “acyloxy” denotes an oxygen radical adjacent to an acyl group.

The term “acylamino” denotes a nitrogen radical adjacent to an acyl group.

The term “carboalkoxy” is defined as a carbonyl radical adjacent to an alkoxy or aryloxy group.

The term “carboxyamido” denotes a carbonyl radical adjacent to an amino group.

The term “halo” is defined as a bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo radical.

The term “thio” denotes a radical containing a substituent group independently selected from hydrido, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, attached to a divalent sulfur atom, such as, methylthio and phenylthio.

The term “alkyl” is defined as a linear or branched, saturated radical having one to about twenty carbon atoms unless otherwise specified. Preferred alkyl radicals are “lower alkyl” radicals having one to about five carbon atoms. One or more hydrogen atoms can also be replaced by a substitutent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, oxo, guanidino, formyl and an amino acid side chain. Examples of alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, tert-butyl, isopropyl, and methoxymethyl. Subsets of the term alkyl are (1) “unsubstituted alkyl” which is defined as an alkyl group that bears no substituent groups (2) “substituted alkyl” which denotes an alkyl radical in which (a) one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by a substitutent group selected from acyl, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, N-sulfonylcarboxyamido, N-acylaminosulfonyl or (b) two or more hydrogen atoms are each replaced by a substituent group independently selected from hydroxyl, carboxy, C₁-C₃ alkoxy, amino, acylamino, oxo or guanidino; and (3) the term “selected substituted alkyl” which denotes an alkyl radical in which (a) one proton is replaced by a group selected from hydroxyl, carboxy C₁-C₃ alkoxy, unsubstituted amino, acylamino, or acylamino phenyl or (b) one to three protons is replaced by a halo substituent.

The term “alkenyl” is defined as linear or branched radicals having two to about twenty carbon atoms, preferably three to about ten carbon atoms, and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. One or more hydrogen atoms can also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, formyl, oxo and guanidino. The double bond portion(s) of the unsaturated hydrocarbon chain may be either in the cis or trans configuration. Examples of alkenyl groups include, without limitation, ethylenyl or phenyl ethylenyl.

The term “alkynyl” denotes linear or branched radicals having from two to about ten carbon atoms, and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. One or more hydrogen atoms can also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, formyl, oxo and guanidino. An example of alkynyl group includes, without limitation, propynyl.

The term “aryl” or “aryl ring” denotes aromatic radicals in a single or fused carbocyclic ring system, having from five to fourteen ring members. In a preferred embodiment, the ring system has from six to ten ring members. One or more hydrogen atoms may also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, azido, alkylthio, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and formyl. Examples of aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl. Subsets of the term aryl are (1) the term “phenyl” which denotes a compound of the formula:

(2) the term “substituted phenyl” which is defined as a phenyl radical in which one or more protons are replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acyloxy, azido, alkylthio, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, N-sulfonylcarboxyamido, and N-acylaminosulfonyl and (3) the term “acylamino phenyl” denotes a phenyl radical in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an acylamino group. One or more additional hydrogen atoms can also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, azido, alkylthio, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, N-sulfonylcarboxyamido, and N-acylaminosulfonyl.

“Heteroaryl” or “heteroaryl ring” denotes an aromatic radical which contain one to four hetero atoms or hetero groups selected from O, N, S,

in a single or fused heterocyclic ring system, having from five to fifteen ring members. In a preferred embodiment, the heteroaryl ring system has from six to ten ring members. One or more hydrogen atoms may also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, thiocarbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, and formyl. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazoyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazoyl, triazolyl, and pyrrolyl groups. Subsets of the term heteroaryl are (1) the term “pyridinyl” which denotes compounds of the formula:

(2) the term “substituted pyridinyl” which is defined as a pyridinyl radical in which one or more protons is replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, N-sulfonylcarboxyamido, and N-acylaminosulfonyl and (3) the term “acylamino pyridinyl” which denotes a pyridinyl radical in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an acylamino group, additionally, one or more additional hydrogen atoms can also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, thiocarbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, N-sulfonylcarboxyamido, and N-acylaminosulfonyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” or “cycloalkyl ring” is defined as a saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring in a single or fused carbocyclic ring system having from three to twelve ring members. In a preferred embodiment, a cycloalkyl is a ring system having three to seven ring members. One or more hydrogen atoms may also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and formyl. Examples of a cycloalkyl group include, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.

The term “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic” or “heterocyclyl ring” is defined as a saturated or partially unsaturated ring containing one to four hetero atoms or hetero groups selected from O, N, NH,

wherein R^(Z) is as defined for R^(X),

in a single or fused heterocyclic ring system having from three to twelve ring members. In a preferred embodiment, a heterocyclyl is a ring system having three to seven ring members. One or more hydrogen atoms may also be replaced by a substituent group selected from acyl, amino, acylamino, acyloxy, oxo, thiocarbonyl, imino, carboalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyamido, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and formyl. Examples of a heterocyclyl group include, without limitation, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.

The term “alkoxy” denotes oxy-containing radicals substituted with an alkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl group. Examples include, without limitation, methoxy, tert-butoxy, benzyloxy and cyclohexyloxy.

The term “aryloxy” denotes oxy-containing radicals substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl group. Examples include, without limitation, phenoxy.

The term “amino acid side chain” denotes any side chain (R group) from a naturally-occurring or a non-naturally occurring amino acid.

The term “sulfinyl” is defined as a tetravalent sulfur radical substituted with an oxo substituent and a second substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group.

The term “sulfonyl” is defined as a hexavalent sulfur radical substituted with two oxo substituents and a third substituent selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl aryl, or heteroaryl.

The term “carbamate amino protecting group” is defined as a recognized amino protecting group that when bound to an amino group forms a carbamate. Examples of carbamate amino protecting groups can be found in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” by Theodora W. Greene, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981. Examples of carbamate amino protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, t-amyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl or the like.

The salts of the compounds of the invention (preferably a compound of Formula I) include acid addition salts and base addition salts. In a preferred embodiment, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula I. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” embraces salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts and to form addition salts of free acids or free bases. The nature of the salt is not critical, provided that it is pharmaceutically-acceptable. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of the invention (preferably a compound of Formula I) may be prepared from an inorganic acid or an organic acid. Examples of such inorganic acids include, without limitation, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid. Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include, without limitation, formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, maleic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, pantothenic, benzenesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, mesylic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, algenic, β-hydroxybutyric, malonic, galactic, and galacturonic acid. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts of compounds of the invention (preferably a compound of Formula I) include, but are not limited to, metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared by conventional means from the corresponding compound of the invention (preferably a compound of Formula I) by treating, for example, the compound of the invention (preferably a compound of Formula I) with the appropriate acid or base.

The compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) can possess one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and are thus capable of existing in the form of optical isomers as well as in the form of racemic or non-racemic mixtures thereof. The compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) can be utilized in the present invention as a single isomer or as a mixture of stereochemical isomeric forms. Diastereoisomers, i.e., nonsuperimposable stereochemical isomers, can be separated by conventional means such as chromatography, distillation, crystallization or sublimation. The optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts by treatment with an optically active acid or base. Examples of appropriate acids include, without limitation, tartaric, diacetyltartaric, dibenzoyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric and camphorsulfonic acid. The mixture of diastereomers can be separated by crystallization followed by liberation of the optically active bases from these salts. An alternative process for separation of optical isomers includes the use of a chiral chromatography column optimally chosen to maximize the separation of the enantiomers. Still another available method involves synthesis of covalent diastereoisomeric molecules by reacting compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) with an optically pure acid in an activated form or an optically pure isocyanate. The synthesized diastereoisomers can be separated by conventional means such as chromatography, distillation, crystallization or sublimation, and then hydrolyzed to obtain the enantiomerically pure compound. The optically active compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) can likewise be obtained by utilizing optically active starting materials. These isomers may be in the form of a free acid, a free base, an ester or a salt.

The invention also embraces isolated compounds. An isolated compound refers to a compound which represents at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50% and most preferably at least 80% of the compound present in the mixture. In a preferred embodiment, the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound exhibits a detectable (i.e. statistically significant) antimicrobial activity when tested in conventional biological assays such as those described herein.

Lipopeptide Compounds

The invention provides a compound of formula (I):

and salts thereof,

wherein R is:

wherein X and X″ are independently selected from C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X), S═O or SO₂;

wherein n is 0 or 1;

wherein R^(X) is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy;

wherein B is X″R^(Y), H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; and

wherein R^(Y) is selected from hydrido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl.

In one aspect, A is H, NH₂, NHR^(A), NR^(A)R^(B), heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or carboalkoxy;

wherein when n is 0, then A is additionally selected from:

wherein each R⁵⁰—R⁵³ is independently selected from (C₁-C₁₅) alkyl;

provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than

(a) a pyridinyl ring substituted with a single NHC(O)R^(D) substitutent or

(b) a (C₅-C₆) saturated cycloalkyl ring substituted with a single NHC(O)R^(D) substitutent, wherein R^(D) is (C₁-C₁₇) unsubstituted alkyl or (C₂-C₁₇) unsubstituted alkenyl; and

when B is H and n is 0, then A is not H.

In another aspect, A is aryl;

provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than a phenyl ring substituted with either:

(a) —O—((C₈-C₁₅) unsubstituted alkyl), wherein said phenyl ring may be further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from halo, nitro, (C₁-C₃) alkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₃) alkoxy or (C₁-C₃) alkylthio; or

(b) —NHC(O)R^(D), wherein the phenyl ring may be further optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from amino, nitro, (C₁-C₃) alkyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₃) alkoxy, halo, mercapto, (C₁-C₃) alkylthio, carbamyl or (C₁-C₃) alkylcarbamyl; wherein R^(D) is as defined previously.

In a third aspect of the invention, A is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy or aryloxy;

provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than

(a) —(C₁-C₁₆ unsubstituted alkyl)-NH₂;

(b) —(C₁-C₁₀ unsubstituted alkyl)-NHC(O)R^(D), wherein R^(D) is as defined previously;

(c) —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkyl, optionally substituted with up to one hydroxyl, carboxyl or C₁-C₃ alkoxy, or one to three halo substituents;

(d) —(C₄-C₁₈)-unsubstituted alkenyl;

wherein R⁵⁴ is selected from C₁-C₁₇-unsubstituted alkyl or C₂-C₁₇-unsubstituted alkenyl; wherein R⁵⁵ is selected from hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, mercaptoethyl, methylthioethyl, 2-thienyl, 3-indolemethyl, phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from halo, nitro, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkoxy, C₁-C₃-unsubsituted alkylthio, carbamyl or C₁-C₃ unsubstituted alkylcarbamyl; or benzyl optionally substituted with a group selected from halo, nitro, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkoxy, C₁-C₃-unsubsituted alkylthio, carbamyl or C₁-C₃ unsubstituted alkylcarbamyl; wherein t is 0 or 1 and wherein u is an integer from 1-3; and

when B is H and X is C═O, then X, together with A, does not form a carbamate amino protecting group; and

when B is H and n is 0, then A is other than C₄-C₁₄ unsubstituted alkyl.

In a fourth aspect, B and A together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring.

Wherein R¹ is

wherein X′ and X′″ are independently selected from C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X)′, S═O or SO₂;

wherein m is 0 or 1;

wherein R^(X)′ is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy;

wherein B′ is X′″R^(Y)′, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein R^(Y)′ is selected from hydrido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl;

wherein A′ is H, NH₂, NHR^(A)′, NR^(A)′R^(B)′, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;

wherein R^(A)′ and R^(B)′ are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or carboalkoxy;

wherein when m is 0, then A′ is additionally selected from:

wherein each of R⁵⁰—R⁵³ is independently selected from C₁-C₁₅ alkyl;

alternatively, wherein B′ and A′ together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring.

Wherein R² is

wherein K and K′ together form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring or a C₅-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl ring;

wherein J is selected from the group consisting of hydrido, amino, NHR^(J), NR^(J)R^(K), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylamino, hydroxyl, thio, alkylthio, alkenylthio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, azido, cyano, halo,

wherein each of R²⁴, R²⁵, and R²⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; or R²⁴ and R²⁵ together form a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl ring;

wherein R^(J) and R^(K) are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; or

alternatively, wherein J, together with R¹⁷, forms a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl ring; or

alternatively, wherein J, together with both R¹⁷ and R¹⁸, forms a 5-8 membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring; and

wherein each of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and

wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together can form a group consisting of ketal, thioketal,

wherein each of R²² and R²³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido and alkyl.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R is selected from

wherein each of R³, R⁴ R⁵, and R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrido, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and wherein R⁴⁴ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention R is selected from

wherein R⁴′ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted phenyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, optionally substituted (C₈-C₁₄)-straight chain alkyl and

wherein R⁷ is an alkyl group.

In an even more preferred embodiment of the invention, R is

wherein X³ is chloro or trifluoromethyl and wherein q is 0 or 1.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R⁸ is selected from an amino acid side chain, wherein said amino acid side chain may be one that is naturally occurring or one that is not naturally occurring, wherein each of R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is selected from hydrido, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisiting of heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and alkyl and wherein R¹³ is selected from (C₁-C₃)-alkyl and aryl.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁸ is selected from tryptophan side chain and lysine side chain; wherein each of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrido and alkyl; wherein R¹² is selected from imidazolyl, N-methylimidazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzyloxybenzyl, and benzylpiperidenylbenzyl; and wherein X⁴ is selected from fluoro and trifluoromethyl.

In a preferred embodiment of R², J is selected from the group consisting of hydrido, amino, azido and

wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together form a group selected from the group consisting of ketal,

alternatively, R¹⁷ is hydroxyl when R¹⁸ is hydrido. Alternatively, wherein J, together with R¹⁷, forms a heterocyclyl ring.

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, R² is selected from

wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together form a group selected from

wherein R²² is selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl; wherein R¹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrido, amino, azido and

In an even more preferred embodiment of the invention R² is

Table I provides exemplary compounds of Formula I:

TABLE I Cpd Mass Synth # R R¹ R² Spec Ex # 1 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃ NH₂

1622.8 1 2 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃ NH₂

1665 2 3 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1951 3 5

1867 3 6

1935 3 7 NH(CH₂)₈CH₃

1779 3a 8 NHCO(CH₂)₈CO₂CH₃

1851 3 9 NHCO(CH₂)₆CO₂CH₃

1823 3 10 NHCO(CH₂)₆NHBoc

1980 3 11 NHCO(CH₂)₇NHBoc

1894 3 12 NHCO(CH₂)₁₀NHBoc

1936 3 13 NHCO(CH₂)₁₁NHBoc

1950 3 17 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃

1865 3b 18

NH₂

1696 1a 19

NH₂

1668 1 20

1807 3 21

1841 3 22

1864 3 23

1843 3 24

1882 3 25

1823.3 4 34

1738 3 35

1862 3 36

1962 3 40

NH₂

1736 1 41

NHBoc

1836 1 43

NHBoc

1624 1 44

NHBoc

1675 1 48 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ NH₂

1665 2a 49

NH₂

1703 1 50

1738.8 3 56 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1950 4 57 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1992 4 58 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃

2006 4 62 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1750 4 63 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1792 4 64 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃

1806 4 69 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1808 4 70 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1759 4 71 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1650 3 75 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1706.9 3 76 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1780.9 4a 77 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1701.8 4a 78 NHCONH(CH₂)₇CH₃

1807.9 4a 87 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃

1757.9 4a 88 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃

1864 4a 89 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₁CH₃

1837 4a 100

NH₂

1635.7 1 106

1832 4 108 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1801 4 113 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1743 4a 114 NHCONH(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

1822 4b 115

NHBoc

1828.8 1 116

NH₂

1729 1 117 NHCONH(CH₂)₈CH₃ NHBoc

1636.6 2b 118 NHCONH(CH₂)₈CH₃ NH₂

1636.6 2b 119 NHCONH(CH₂)₉CH₃ NHBoc

1650.1 2c 120 NHCONH(CH₂)₉CH₃ NH₂

1650.2 2c 123 NHCOCH₂S(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ NH₂

1709 1 124 NHCOCH₂S(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ NH₂

1695 1 125 NHCOCH₂S(CH₂)₉CH₃ NH₂

1681 1

Preferred compounds of Formula I are compound 2, compound 3, compound 18, compound 48, compound 89, compound 116, compound 118, and compound 120.

Other preferred compounds include a compound of Formula (I′),

wherein R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are as defined in Table II:

TABLE II Cpd Mass Synth # R¹⁰⁰ R¹⁰¹ R¹⁰² Spec Ex # 72

NHBoc

1764.5 1 73

NHBoc

1792.5 1 74

NHBoc

1820.5 1 109 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₇CH₃ NHBoc

1651.8 1b 110 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₉CH₃ NHBoc

1679.9 1b 111 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₇CH₃ NH₂

1680 1b 112 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₉CH₃ NH₂

1680 1b

According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides one or more crystalline forms of compound of formula (I), and salts thereof.

Lipopeptide Intermediates

The present invention also provides compounds that are particularly useful as intermediates for the preparation of the compounds of Formula I. These compounds may also have antibacterial properties, as discussed above. In one aspect of the invention, compounds of Formula II are provided:

wherein R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁵⁶ is an optionally substituted straight-chain C₈-C₁₄ alkyl group and wherein q′ is 0-3.

Compounds 1, 2, 18, 48, 116, 118 and 120 are useful both as antibacterial compounds and as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of this invention.

Compounds 72, 73 and 74 as well as the formula (II) compounds in Table III are other preferred compounds that are useful as antibacterial compounds and as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of this invention:

TABLE III Compound # R¹⁴ 45

37

46

38

47

39

Table IV provides another set of formula (II) compounds that are useful as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of this invention:

TABLE IV Compound # R¹⁴ 150 (CH₂)₇CH₃ 151 (CH₂)₈CH₃ 152 (CH₂)₉CH₃ 153 (CH₂)₁₀CH₃ 154 (CH₂)₁₁CH₃ 155 (CH₂)₁₂CH₃

In another aspect of the invention, compounds of Formula III are provided as useful intermediates for the preparation of compounds of Formula I and/or as antibacterial compounds:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrido and a carbamate amino protecting group, preferably a tert-butoxycarbonyl group; wherein R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁵⁷ is a halo or halo substituted alkyl group, preferably a fluoro or trifluoromethyl group; wherein, R²⁰ is an amino acid side chain, preferably a lysine or tryptophan side chain. Lipopeptide Compound Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use Thereof

Another object of the instant invention is to provide lipopeptide compounds or salts thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions or formulations comprising lipopeptide compounds or its salts.

Lipopeptide compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be formulated for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or parenteral administration for the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of diseases, particularly bacterial infections. For oral or parenteral administration, lipopeptide compounds of this invention can be mixed with conventional pharmaceutical carriers and excipients and used in the form of tablets, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers and the like. The compositions comprising a compound of this invention will contain from about 0.1 to about 99% by weight of the active compound, and more generally from about 10 to about 30%.

The pharmaceutical preparations disclosed herein are prepared in accordance with standard procedures and are administered at dosages that are selected to reduce, prevent or eliminate the infection (See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. and Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, for a general description of the methods for administering various antimicrobial agents for human therapy). The compositions of the invention (preferably of Formula I) can be delivered using controlled (e.g., capsules) or sustained release delivery systems (e.g., bioerodable matrices). Exemplary delayed release delivery systems for drug delivery that are suitable for administration of the compositions of the invention (preferably of Formula I) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,775 (issued to Kent), U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,660 (issued to Leonard), U.S. Pat. No. 3,854,480 (issued to Zaffaroni).

The pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions of the present invention comprise one or more compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) in association with one or more nontoxic, pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants and/or excipients, collectively referred to herein as “carrier” materials, and if desired other active ingredients. The compositions may contain common carriers and excipients, such as corn starch or gelatin, lactose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and alginic acid. The compositions may contain croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, sodium starch glycolate and alginic acid.

Tablet binders that can be included are acacia, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidone), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sucrose, starch and ethylcellulose.

Lubricants that can be used include magnesium stearate or other metallic stearates, stearic acid, silicone fluid, talc, waxes, oils and colloidal silica.

Flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, cherry flavoring or the like can also be used. It may also be desirable to add a coloring agent to make the dosage form more aesthetic in appearance or to help identify the product.

For oral use, solid formulations such as tablets and capsules are particularly useful. Sustained release or enterically coated preparations may also be devised. For pediatric and geriatric applications, suspensions, syrups and chewable tablets are especially suitable. For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a therapeutically-effective amount of the active ingredient. Examples of such dosage units are tablets and capsules. For therapeutic purposes, the tablets and capsules which can contain, in addition to the active ingredient, conventional carriers such as binding agents, for example, acacia gum, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sorbitol, or tragacanth; fillers, for example, calcium phosphate, glycine, lactose, maize-starch, sorbitol, or sucrose; lubricants, for example, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, silica, or talc; disintegrants, for example, potato starch, flavoring or coloring agents, or acceptable wetting agents. Oral liquid preparations generally are in the form of aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous agents, preservatives, coloring agents and flavoring agents. Examples of additives for liquid preparations include acacia, almond oil, ethyl alcohol, fractionated coconut oil, gelatin, glucose syrup, glycerin, hydrogenated edible fats, lecithin, methyl cellulose, methyl or propyl para-hydroxybenzoate, propylene glycol, sorbitol, or sorbic acid.

For intravenous (IV) use, a lipopeptide compound according to the invention can be dissolved or suspended in any of the commonly used intravenous fluids and administered by infusion. Intravenous fluids include, without limitation, physiological saline or Ringer's solution. Intravenous administration may be accomplished by using, without limitation, syringe, minipump or intravenous line.

Formulations for parenteral administration can be in the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions or suspensions. These solutions or suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders or granules having one or more of the carriers mentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration. The compounds can be dissolved in polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers.

For intramuscular preparations, a sterile formulation of a lipopeptide compound or a suitable soluble salt form of the compound, for example the hydrochloride salt, can be dissolved and administered in a pharmaceutical diluent such as Water-for-Injection (WFI), physiological saline or 5% glucose. A suitable insoluble form of the compound may be prepared and administered as a suspension in an aqueous base or a pharmaceutically acceptable oil base, e.g., an ester of a long chain fatty acid such as ethyl oleate.

A dose of an intravenous, intramuscular or parental formulation of a lipopeptide compound may be adminstered as a bolus or by slow infusion. A bolus is a dose that is administered in less than 30 minutes. In a preferred embodiment, a bolus is administered in less than 15 or less than 10 minutes. In a more preferred embodiment, a bolus is administered in less than 5 minutes. In an even more preferred embodiment, a bolus is administered in one minute or less. An infusion is a dose that is administered at a rate of 30 minutes or greater. In a preferred embodiment, the infusion is one hour or greater. In another embodiment, the infusion is substantially constant.

For topical use the compounds of the present invention can also be prepared in suitable forms to be applied to the skin, or mucus membranes of the nose and throat, and can take the form of creams, ointments, liquid sprays or inhalants, lozenges, or throat paints. Such topical formulations further can include chemical compounds such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to facilitate surface penetration of the active ingredient.

For application to the eyes or ears, the compounds of the present invention can be presented in liquid or semi-liquid form formulated in hydrophobic or hydrophilic bases as ointments, creams, lotions, paints or powders.

For rectal administration the compounds of the present invention can be administered in the form of suppositories admixed with conventional carriers such as cocoa butter, wax or other glyceride.

Alternatively, the compounds of the present invention can be in powder form for reconstitution in the appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier at the time of delivery. In another embodiment, the unit dosage form of the compound can be a solution of the compound or preferably a salt thereof in a suitable diluent in sterile, hermetically sealed ampoules or sterile syringes. The concentration of the compound in the unit dosage may vary, e.g. from about 1 percent to about 50 percent, depending on the compound used and its solubility and the dose desired by the physician. If the compositions contain dosage units, each dosage unit preferably contains from 1-500 mg of the active material. For adult human treatment, the dosage employed preferably ranges from 5 mg to 10 g, per day, depending on the route and frequency of administration.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, preferably bacteria, comprising contacting said organisms with a compound of the invention, preferably a compound of Formula I, under conditions which permit entry of the compound into said organism and into said microorganism. Such conditions are known to one skilled in the art and are exemplified in the Examples. This method involves contacting a microbial cell with a therapeutically-effective amount of compound(s) of the invention, preferably compound(s) of Formula I, in vivo or in vitro.

According to this aspect of the invention, the novel compositions disclosed herein are placed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and are delivered to a recipient subject (preferably a human) in accordance with known methods of drug delivery. In general, the methods of the invention for delivering the compositions of the invention in vivo utilize art-recognized protocols for delivering the agent with the only substantial procedural modification being the substitution of the compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) for the drugs in the art-recognized protocols. Likewise, the methods for using the claimed composition for treating cells in culture, for example, to eliminate or reduce the level of bacterial contamination of a cell culture, utilize art-recognized protocols for treating cell cultures with antibacterial agent(s) with the only substantial procedural modification being the substitution of the compounds of the invention (preferably compounds of Formula I) for the agents used in the art-recognized protocols.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating an infection, especially those caused by gram-positive bacteria, in a subject with a therapeutically-effective amount of a lipopeptide compound according to Formula I. Exemplary procedures for delivering an antibacterial agent are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,567, issued to Rogers and in PCT patent application number EP94/02552 (publication no. WO 95/05384), the entire contents of which documents are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. As used herein the phrase “therapeutically-effective amount” means an amount of a compound of the present invention that prevents the onset, alleviates the symptoms, or stops the progression of a bacterial infection. The term “treating” is defined as administering, to a subject, a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention (preferably a compound of Formula I) both to prevent the occurrence of an infection and to control or eliminate an infection. The term “subject”, as described herein, is defined as a mammal, a plant or a cell culture. In a preferred embodiment, a subject is a human or other animal patient in need of lipopeptide compound treatment.

The method comprises administering to the subject an effective dose of a compound of this invention. An effective dose is generally between about 0.1 and about 100 mg/kg of a lipopeptide compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A preferred dose is from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg of a lipopeptide compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A more preferred dose is from about 1 to 25 mg/kg of a lipopeptide compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An effective dose for cell culture is usually between 0.1 and 1000 μg/mL, more preferably between 0.1 and 200 μg/mL.

The compound of Formula I can be administered as a single daily dose or in multiple doses per day. The treatment regime may require administration over extended periods of time, e.g., for several days or for from two to four weeks. The amount per administered dose or the total amount administered will depend on such factors as the nature and severity of the infection, the age and general health of the patient, the tolerance of the patient to the compound and the microorganism or microorganisms involved in the infection. A method of administration to a patient of daptomycin, another member of the lipopeptide compound class, is disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/406,568, filed Sep. 24, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,828, filed Sep. 25, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/125,750, filed Mar. 24, 1999.

A lipopeptide compound according to this invention may also be administered in the diet or feed of a patient or animal. If administered as part of a total dietary intake, the amount of compound employed can be less than 1% by weight of the diet and preferably no more than 0.5% by weight. The diet for animals can be normal foodstuffs to which the compound can be added or it can be added to a premix.

The methods of the present invention comprise administering a lipopeptide compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a subject in need thereof in an amount that is efficacious in reducing or eliminating the bacterial infection. The compound may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, or by an implanted reservoir, external pump or catheter. The compound may be prepared for opthalmic or aerosolized uses. The compounds of the present invention can be administered as an aerosol for the treatment of pneumonia or other lung-based infections. A preferred aerosol delivery vehicle is an anhydrous or dry powder inhaler. Lipopeptide compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition thereof also may be directly injected or administered into an abscess, ventricle or joint. Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, cisternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion. In a preferred embodiment, lipopeptide compounds are administered intravenously, subcutaneously or orally. In a preferred embodiment for administering a lipopeptide compound according to Formula I to a cell culture, the compound may be administered in a nutrient medium.

The method of the instant invention may be used to treat a subject having a bacterial infection in which the infection is caused or exacerbated by any type of bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria. In one embodiment, a lipopeptide compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient according to the methods of this invention. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial infection may be caused or exacerbated by gram-positive bacteria. These gram-positive bacteria include, but are not limited to, methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant staphylococci (including Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. saprophyticus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci), glycopeptide intermediary-susceptible S. aureus (GISA), penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant streptococci (including Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. avium, S. bovis, S. lactis, S. sangius and Streptococci Group C, Streptococci Group G and viridans streptococci), enterococci (including vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant strains such as Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium), Clostridium difficile, C. clostridiiforme, C. innocuum, C. perfringens, C. ramosum, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Bifidobacterium spp., Eubacterium aerofaciens, E. lentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum, Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Pediococcus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, P. asaccarolyticus, P. magnus, P. micros, P. prevotii, P. productus, Propionibacterium acnes, Actinomyces spp., Moraxella spp. (including M. catarrhalis) and Escherichia spp. (including E. coli).

In a preferred embodiment, the antibacterial activity of lipopeptide compounds of Formula I against classically “resistant” strains is comparable to that against classically “susceptible” strains in in vitro experiments. In another preferred embodiment, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for lipopeptide compounds according to this invention against susceptible strains is typically the same or lower than that of vancomycin. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, a lipopeptide compound of this invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered according to the methods of this invention to a patient who exhibits a bacterial infection that is resistant to other compounds, including vancomycin or daptomycin. In addition, unlike glycopeptide antibiotics, lipopeptide compounds exhibits rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, a lipopeptide compound according to this invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered according to the methods of this invention to a patient in need of rapidly acting antibiotic therapy.

The method of the instant invention may be used for any bacterial infection of any organ or tissue in the body. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial infection is caused by gram-positive bacteria. These organs or tissue include, without limitation, skeletal muscle, skin, bloodstream, kidneys, heart, lung and bone. The method of the invention may be used to treat, without limitation, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia and urinary tract infections. The method of the invention may be used to treat community acquired respiratory infections, including, without limitation, otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis and pneumonia, including pneumonia caused by drug-resistant S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. The method of the invention also may be used to treat mixed infections that comprise different types of gram-positive bacteria, or which comprise both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These types of infections include intra-abdominal infections and obstetrical/gynecological infections. The method of the invention also may be used to treat an infection including, without limitation, endocarditis, nephritis, septic arthritis, intra-abdominal sepsis, bone and joint infections. and osteomyelitis. In a preferred embodiment, any of the above-described diseases may be treated using lipopeptide compounds according to this invention or pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

The method of the instant invention may also be practiced while concurrently administering one or more other antimicrobial agents, such as antibacterial agents (antibiotics) or antifungal agents. In one aspect, the method may be practiced by administering more than one lipopeptide compounds according to this invention. In another embodiment, the method may be practiced by administering a lipopeptide compound according to this invention with another lipopeptide compound, such as daptomycin.

Antibacterial agents and classes thereof that may be co-administered with a compound of the present invention include, without limitation, penicillins and related drugs, carbapenems, cephalosporins and related drugs, aminoglycosides, bacitracin, gramicidin, mupirocin, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, fusidate sodium, lincomycin, clindamycin, macrolides, novobiocin, polymyxins, rifamycins, spectinomycin, tetracyclines, vancomycin, teicoplanin, streptogramins, anti-folate agents including sulfonamides, trimethoprim and its combinations and pyrimethamine, synthetic antibacterials including nitrofurans, methenamine mandelate and methenamine hippurate, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), cycloserine, capreomycin, ethionamide, prothionamide, thiacetazone, viomycin, eveminomycin, glycopeptide, glycylcylcline, ketolides, oxazolidinone; imipenen, amikacin, netilmicin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, Ziracin, LY 333328, CL 331002, HMR 3647, Linezolid, Synercid, Aztreonam, and Metronidazole, Epiroprim, OCA-983, GV-143253, Sanfetrinem sodium, CS-834, Biapenem, A-99058.1, A-165600, A-179796, KA 159, Dynemicin A, DX8739, DU 6681; Cefluprenam, ER 35786, Cefoselis, Sanfetrinem celexetil, HGP-31, Cefpirome, HMR-3647, RU-59863, Mersacidin, KP 736, Rifalazil; Kosan, AM 1732, MEN 10700, Lenapenem, BO 2502A, NE-1530, PR 39, K130, OPC 20000, OPC 2045, Veneprim, PD 138312, PD 140248, CP 111905, Sulopenem, ritipenam acoxyl, RO-65-5788, Cyclothialidine, Sch-40832, SEP-132613, micacocidin A, SB-275833, SR-15402, SUN A0026, TOC 39, carumonam, Cefozopran, Cefetamet pivoxil, and T 3811.

In a preferred embodiment, antibacterial agents that may be co-administered with a compound according to this invention include, without limitation, imipenen, amikacin, netilmicin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, teicoplanin, Ziracin, LY 333328, CL 331002, HMR 3647, Linezolid, Synercid, Aztreonam, and Metronidazole.

Antifungal agents that may be co-administered with a compound according to this invention include, without limitation, Caspofungen, Voriconazole, Sertaconazole, IB-367, FK-463, LY-303366, Sch-56592, Sitafloxacin, DB-289 polyenes, such as Amphotericin, Nystatin, Primaricin; azoles, such as Fluconazole, Itraconazole, and Ketoconazole; allylamines, such as Naftifine and Terbinafine; and anti-metabolites such as Flucytosine. Other antifungal agents include without limitation, those disclosed in Fostel et al., Drug Discovery Today 5:25-32 (2000), herein incorporated by reference. Fostel et al. disclose antifungal compounds including Corynecandin, Mer-WTF3010, Fusacandins, Artrichitin/LL 15G256(, Sordarins, Cispentacin, Azoxybacillin, Aureobasidin and Khafrefungin.

Lipopeptide compounds may be administered according to this method until the bacterial infection is eradicated or reduced. In one embodiment, a lipopeptide compound is administered for a period of time from 3 days to 6 months. In a preferred embodiment, a lipopeptide compound is administered for 7 to 56 days. In a more preferred embodiment, a lipopeptide compound is administered for 7 to 28 days. In an even more preferred embodiment, a lipopeptide compound is administered for 7 to 14 days. Lipopeptide compounds may be administered for a longer or shorter time period if it is so desired.

General Procedures for Lipopeptide Compound Synthesis

Lipopeptide compounds of Formula I may be produced as described below. The lipopeptide compounds of the instant invention may be produced semi-synthetically using daptomycin as a starting point or may be produced by a total synthesis approach.

For the semi-synthetic approach according to the present invention, daptomycin may be prepared by any method known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,885,243 and 4,874,843. Daptomycin may be used in its acylated state or it may be deacylated prior to its use as described herein. Daptomycin may be deacylated using Actinoplanes utahensis as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,487. Alternatively, daptomycin may be deacylated as follows:

Daptomycin (5.0 g) was dissolved in water (25 ml) and adjusted to pH 9 with 5M sodium hydroxide. Ditert-butyldicarbonate (1.5 g) was added and the mixture was adjusted to maintain pH 9 with 5 M sodium hydroxide until the reaction was complete (4 hours). The pH was adjusted to 7 and the mixture was loaded onto a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column. The column was washed with water and the product was eluted from the column with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave BOC-protected daptomycin as a yellow powder.

A preparation of deacylase enzyme was produced from recombinant Streptomyces lividans, which expresses the Actinoplanes utahensis deacylase enzyme. The enzyme in ethylene glycol (400 μl) was added to BOC-protected daptomycin (1 g) in water (100 ml) at pH 7-8. After incubation for 72 hours, the mixture was loaded on a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column. The column was washed with water and the product was eluted from the column with 10% acetonitrile in water. The product was evaporated to give deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin as a yellow powder.

Kynurenine Derivatives

Daptomycin can be converted into analogs bearing modifications at the R² position by converting the aromatic amino group to the diazonium salt compound I with reagents such as sodium nitrite/hydrochloric acid or isoamylnitrite. Using chemistry known to those skilled in the art and following the teachings of the disclosure, the diazonium group can then be displaced by reagents such as sodium azide, potassium ethylxanthate or copper chloride to yield derivative compounds II, wherein R¹⁹ is as previously defined.

Additionally, compound I can be converted to the azide compound III by reaction with an azide source, typically sodium azide. Modifications to the ketone group can then be undertaken using chemistry known to those having ordinary skill in the art, such as reduction, oxime formation, ketalization conversion to a leaving group and displacement to give compounds of formula IV, wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are as previously defined.

Compound IV may also be converted to compound V by reducing the azide group to the amine using chemistry known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and following the teachings of the disclosure, such as reaction with triphenyl phosphine and water, or reducing agents such as sodium borohydride wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸are as previously defined.

Additionally compound I can be converted into compound VI by reduction with hypophosphorus acid. Modifications to the ketone group can then be undertaken using chemistry known to those having ordinary skill in the art similar to those used in scheme 2, wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are as previously defined.

Ornithine Derivatives

Daptomycin can be converted into analogs bearing modifications at the R¹ position by treating the aromatic amino group of the ornithine with reagents such as isocyanates, isothiocyanates, activated esters, acid chlorides, sulfonylchlorides or activated sulfonamides, heterocycles bearing readily displaceable groups, imidates, lactones or reductively with aldehydes to yield compound VIII, wherein R¹ is as previously defined.

Tryptophan Amine Derivatives

Daptomycin can be converted into compound IX by first protecting the ornithine amine with an appropriate amino protecting group (P) known to those skilled in the art and following the teachings of the disclosure. The decyl side chain on the tryptophan is then removed using an enzyme capable of deacylating daptomycin, such as that described above.

Compound IX can be modified at the tryptophan amine with reagents such as isocyanates, isothiocyanates, activated esters, acid chlorides, sulfonylchlorides or activated sulfonamides, heterocycles bearing readily displaceable groups, imidates, lactones or reductively with aldehydes to yield compound X. Compound X can be deprotected to give compound XI according to procedures known to those skilled in the art following the disclosure of this invention, wherein R is as previously defined.

The above modifications to the ornithine amine R¹, tryptophan amine R or kynurenine side chain R² may be independently combined to yield additional compounds that are modified at up to all three sites. In order to achieve these modifications, it may be necessary to protect certain functionalities in the molecule. Protecting these functionalities should be within the expertise of one skilled in the art following the disclosure of this invention. See, e.g., Greene, supra.

Solid Support Synthesis of Lipopeptide Compounds

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the lipopeptide compounds of Formula I may be synthesized on a solid support as outlined below. In step 1, a suitably-N-protected-βMeGlu(OH)—OAllyl ester is coupled to a suitable resin to give Compound XII. Deprotection of the amino group of Compound XII, followed by coupling of the amino group with a suitably protected seryl derivative (A1) gives Compound XIII, wherein P is a suitable protecting group. This peptide coupling process, i.e., deprotection of the alpha-amino group, followed by coupling to a suitably protected amino acid, is repeated until the desired number of amino acids have been coupled to the resin. In the scheme shown below, eleven amino acids have been coupled to give Compound XIV. Addition of an activated R group, R*, is added to Compound XIV to give Compound XV. In step 4, Compound XV is cyclized to give Compound XVI. Subsequently, in step 5, Compound XVI is removed from the resin to give the lipopeptide Compound XVII.

Synthetic Scheme for Total Synthesis of Lipopeptide Compounds

wherein A¹, is a suitably protected serine derivative, wherein R³¹ is a suitable, cleavable hydroxyl protecting group as outlined below.

wherein A² and A⁷, are suitably protected glycine derivatives as outlined below.

wherein A³, A⁵ and A⁹ are suitably protected aspartic acid derivatives as outlined below, wherein ²⁸R, ²⁹R and ³⁰R are cleavable protecting groups, preferably t-butyl groups.

wherein A⁴ is a suitably protected alanine derivative as outlined below.

wherein A⁶ is a suitably protected ornithine derivative as outlined below, or derivatized ornthine wherein *R¹ is R¹ as previously described or alternatively a protected form of R¹ that would yield R¹ upon subsequent deprotection.

wherein A⁸ is a suitably protected depsipeptide as outlined below, Y is a protecting group that is cleavable under conditions that leave other protecting groups intact to the others used, i.e., Alloc; and wherein *R² is R² as previously described or alternatively a protected form of R² that would yield R² upon subsequent deprotection. Preferably ²*R is a kynurenine, or substituted kynurenine side chain, most preferably

wherein A¹⁰ is a suitably protected asparagine derivative as outlined below.

wherein A¹¹ is a suitably protected tryptophan derivative as outlined below, wherein R*³⁷ is hydrido or a suitable protecting group, preferably t-butoxy carbonyl.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that both the amino and the side chain functional groups must be suitably protected prior to attaching them to the growing peptide chain. Suitable protecting groups can be any group known in the art to be useful in peptide synthesis. Such pairings of protecting groups are well known. See, e.g., “Synthesis Notes” in the Novabiochem Catalog and Peptide Synthesis Handbook (1999), pages S1-S93 and references cited therein. Following the disclosure of the present application, the selection of protecting groups and method of use thereof will be known to one skilled in the art.

It will also be understood by those skilled in the art that the choice of protecting group on the side chain functional groups will either result or not result in the protecting group being cleaved concomitantly with the peptide's final cleavage from the resin, which will give the natural amino acid functionality or a protected derivative thereof, respectively.

The following general procedures serve to exemplify the solid support synthesis of compounds of Formula I.

Step 1: Coupling Suitably-N-Protected-βMeGlu(OH)—OAllyl Ester to a Resin

Five molar equivalents each, with respect to the resin, of a suitably-N-protected-βMeGlu(OH)—OAllyl ester, 1,3-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) are stirred for 30 mins in dimethylformamide (DMF; 5 ml/g resin). A suitably functionalised resin or solid support, such as, but not limited to, Wang, Safety Catch, Rink, Knorr, PAL, or PAM resin, is added and the resulting suspension is stirred for 16 hrs. The resin-N-protected-βMeGlu(OH)—OAllyl ester is then filtered, dried and the coupling is repeated. The N-protecting group is then removed using the appropriate conditions given in the coupling steps below.

Step 2: (A) General Coupling Cycle for Amino Acids With an N-9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Protecting Group

Five molar equivalents each, with respect to the resin-AA (wherein resin-AA is defined as the resin attached the the growing amino acid chain), of a suitably protected Fmoc amino acid, DIC, and HOAt (0.5 molar solution in DMF) are added to the resin-AA, along with sufficient DMF to give a working volume. The mixture is shaken for one hour, filtered, and the coupling is repeated. After the second coupling the resin is washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF. The Fmoc group of the newly coupled amino acid A¹⁻¹¹ is deprotected by stirring the resin product in one working volume of a solution of 20% piperidine in N-methyl pyrolidine for five minutes, filtering the resin, and stirring the resin in 20% piperidine in N-methyl pyrolidine again for 20 minutes. The resin is washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF.

Step 2 (B): General Coupling Cycle of Amino Acids With an N-tert-Butoxy-Carbonyl (N-Boc) Protecting Group

Five molar equivalents each, with respect to the resin-AA, of a suitably protected N-Boc amino acid, DIC, and HOAt (0.5 molar solution in DMF) are added to the resin-AA, along with sufficient DMF to give a working volume. The mixture is shaken for one hour, filtered, and the coupling is repeated. After the repeated coupling the resin is washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF. The Boc group of the newly coupled amino acid A¹⁻¹¹, is then deprotected by stirring the resin in one working volume of CH₂Cl₂:trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 1:1 for 15 minutes, filtering, and stirring in one working volume of CH₂Cl₂:TFA 1:1 for another 15 minutes. The resin is neutralized by washing with excess diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in CH₂Cl₂ and then washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF.

Step 3:Terminal Amine Capping Reaction

Ten molar equivalents, with respect to the resin XV, of a suitable reagent containing R* such as an activated ester, isocyanate, thioisocyanate, anhydride, acid chloride, chloroformate, or reactive salt thereof, in one working volume of DMF is added to the resin XIV and agitated for 25 hours. The resulting resin XV is washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF.

Step 4:Cyclization

The dried resin XV is placed under an argon atmosphere, and treated with a solution of Pd(PPh₃)₄ 125 mgs/0.1 mmol peptide substrate, in CH₂Cl₂:Acetic acid:N-Methylmorpholine, 40:2:1, 1 ml/0.1 mmol peptide substrate. The mixture is stirred for 3 hours at ambient temperature, filtered, and washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF. Five molar equivalents each, with respect to the resin, of DIC, and HOAt (0.5 molar solution in DMF) are added to the resin, along with sufficient DMF to give a working volume. The reaction is shaken for 17 hours, filtered, and washed twice with DMF, twice with methanol, and twice again with DMF to give resin XVI.

Step 5:Cleavage and Isolation of the Lipopeptide

The desired lipopeptide is cleaved from resin XVI and isolated, resulting in a compound in which R²⁷ is OH or NH₂. If Fmoc chemistry is used, the dried resin is suspended in 1 ml/0.1 mmol peptide substrate of CH₂Cl₂:TFA:Ethanedithiol (EDT):Triisopropylsilane (TIS), 16:22:1:1, and stirred for 6-8 hours at ambient temperature. The resin is filtered, washed with 1 equal volume of cold TFA, and the combined filtrates are evaporated under reduced pressure. Crude product XVII is then precipitated by the addition of diethyl ether, and isolated by centrifugation. This product may be further purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

If N-Boc chemistry is used, the dried resin is suspended in hydrogen flouride (HF):anisole:dimethylsulfide (DMS), 10:1:1, and stirred for 2 hours at 0° C. The volitiles are evaporated under a stream of nitrogen. The resin is then extracted with TFA, filtered and washed twice with TFA, and the combined TFA filtrates evaporated under reduced pressure. Crude product is then precipitated by the addition of diethyl ether, and isolated by centrifugation. This product may be further purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

If the resin is a Safety Catch resin, then R²⁷═OR or NRH. The dried resin XVI is suspended in N-methylpyrolidine (NMP) or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) (8 ml/g resin), Five equivalents of DIPEA (with respect to resin substitution) and 24 equivalents of iodo or bromoacetonitrile (with respect to resin substitution) are added. The suspension is stirred for 24 hours at ambient temperature under inert atmosphere. The resin is filtered, washed with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and DMSO. For an ester, the resin is then treated with an alcohol, hydroxide or alkoxide (20 equivalents with respect to resin substitution) in THF for 20 hours. The resin is filtered, washed with THF and water, and the combined filtrates are evaporated under reduced pressure. Crude product is precipitated by the addition of diethyl ether, and isolated by centrifugation. The product may be further purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC. For amides the resin is then treated with a primary or secondary amine (20 equivalents with respect to resin substitution) in THF for 12-40 hours, at a gentle reflux under inert atmosphere. The resin is filtered, washed with THF and water, and the combined filtrates are evaporated under reduced pressure. Crude product is then precipitated by the addition of diethyl ether, and isolated by centrifugation. This product may be further purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

In order that this invention may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for the purpose of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Compounds 1, 19, 40-44, 49, 72-74 100, 115-116 and 123-125

Daptomycin (5.0 g) was dissolved in water (25 ml) and adjusted to pH 9 with 5M sodium hydroxide. Di-tert-butyldicarbonate (1.5 g) was added and the mixture was adjusted to maintain pH 9 with 5 M sodium hydroxide until the reaction was complete (4 hours). The pH was adjusted to 7 and the mixture was loaded onto a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column. The column was washed with water and the product was eluted from the column with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave BOC-protected daptomycin (5.08 g) as a yellow powder.

A preparation of deacylase enzyme was produced from recombinant Streptomyces lividans, which expresses the Actinoplanes utahensis deacylase enzyme. The enzyme in ethylene glycol (400 μl) was added to BOC-protected daptomycin (1 g) in water (100 ml) at pH 7-8. After incubation for 72 hours, the mixture was loaded on a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column. The column was washed with water and the product was eluted from the column with 10% acetonitrile in water. The product was evaporated to give deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin (440 mg) as a yellow powder.

Deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin (100 mg) and octyl isocyanate (20 μl) were stirred at room temperature in dry dimethylformamide (5 ml) for 24 hours. Evaporation of the solvent gave a yellow powder residue, which was stirred in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane/triisopropylsilane/ethane dithiol (11/8/0.5/0.5) (2 ml) for 2 hours. Evaporation gave a yellow residue that was purified by preparative HPLC on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column. The column was eluted at 20 ml/min with 36% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Collected fractions were freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column. The column was washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 1 as a pale yellow solid (30 mg).

In an analogous manner, compounds 19, 40-44, 49, 72-74, 100, 115-116 and 123-125 can be prepared by those having ordinary skill in the art following the teachings of the disclosure as detailed in the above example by appropriate substitutions of reagents.

EXAMPLE 1a Preparation of Compounds 18, 37-39, 45-47

Deacylated BOC-protected daptomycin (100 mg) and 4-chloro-4-biphenyl acetic acid pentafluorophenyl ester (32 mg) were stirred in dry dimethylformamide (3 ml) at room temperature for two days. The mixture was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ t C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave the Boc-protected intermediate as a pale yellow solid (41 mg).

The Boc-protected intermediate (40 mg) was stirred in trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) and anisole (0.1 ml) at room temperature for 2 hours. Removal of the solvents under reduced pressure gave a residue which was loaded onto an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 18 as a pale yellow solid (10 mg).

In an analogous manner, compounds 37-39 and 45-47 can be prepared by those having ordinary skill in the art following the teachings of the disclosure as detailed abovein the above example by appropriate substitution of reagents.

EXAMPLE 1b Preparation of Compounds 110, 112, 109 and 111

Boc-protected daptomycin α,β-tridecenoyl amide (compound 110) was prepared from deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin α,β-tridecenoyl pentafluorophenol ester according to Examples 1 and 1a. Compound 110 (0.21 g) in dry dichloromethane (8 ml), trifluoroacetic acid (11 ml) and ethane dithiol (0.25 ml) was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. Concentration under reduced pressure gave a light brown oil which was purified on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 40 minutes. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 112 (53.8 mg) as a pale yellow solid.

In an analogous manner, compounds 109 and 111 can be prepared by those having ordinary skill in the art following the teachings of the disclosure as detailed abovein the above example by appropriate substitution of reagents.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Compound 2

Dodecyl isocyanate (0.507 g) in dry dimethylformamide (3 ml) was added to deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin (3.14 g) in dry dimethylformamide (30 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. After 7 hours the mixture was purified on a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column with 10% acetonitrile-water followed by 50% acetonitrile-water. The desired fractions were freeze-dried to give Boc-protected daptomycin dodecyl urea (3.38 g) as pale yellow fluffy solid.

Boc-protected daptomycin dodecyl urea (2.42 g) in dry dichloromethane (20 ml), trifluoroacetic acid (22 ml) and ethane dithiol (0.5 ml) was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated to a light brown oil then triturated with methanol and diethyl ether. After the mixture was centrifuged the yellow residue was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 40 minutes. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 2 (2.53 g) as pale yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 2a Preparation of Compound 48

Undecyl isocyanate (0.197 g) in dry dimethylformamide (1 ml) was added to deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin (1.62 g) in dry dimethylformamide (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 7 hours. The mixture was then purified on a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column with 10% acetonitrile-water followed by 50% acetonitrile-water. The desired fractions were freeze-dried to give Boc-protected daptomycin undecyl urea (1.58 g) as pale yellow fluffy solid.

Boc-protected daptomycin undecyl urea (1.58 g) in dry dichloromethane (20 ml), trifluoroacetic acid (22 ml) and 5% anisole was stirred for 4 hours before being evaporated to dryness. The residue was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 40 minutes. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 48 (136.5 mg) as pale yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 2b Preparation of Compounds 117 and 118

Nonyl isocyanate (40.6 mg) in dry dimethylformamide (0.2 ml) was added to deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin (313.2 mg) in dry dimethylformamide (2 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. After 7 hours the mixture was purified on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 40 minutes. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected at 21 minutes and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 117 (158.8 mg) as pale yellow solid. Compound 117 (58.9 mg) in dry dichloromethane (5 ml), trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) and ethane dithiol (0.05 ml). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature before being evaporated to dryness. The residue was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 40 minutes. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 118 (11.2 mg) as pale yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 2c Preparation of Compounds 119 and 120

Decyl isocyanate (0.44 g) in dry dimethylformamide (0.2 ml) was added to deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin (3.13 g) in dry dimethylformamide (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. After 7 hours the mixture was purified on a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column with 10% acetonitrile-water followed by 50% acetonitrile-water. The desired fractions were freeze-dried to give compound 119 (1.73 g) as pale yellow solid.

Compound 119 (1.73 g) in dry dichloromethane (20 ml), trifluoroacetic acid (22 ml) and ethane dithiol (0.5 ml) was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature before being evaporated to dryness. The residue was triturated with methanol and diethyl ether then loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 40 minutes. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 120 (359.8 mg) as pale yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Compounds 3,5-6, 8-13, 20-24, 34-36, 50, 71 and 75

Daptomycin (250 mg) and N-tBoc-L-tryptophan-p-nitrophenyl ester (144 mg) were stirred in dry dimethylformamide (3 ml) at room temperature for two days. The mixture was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin as a pale yellow solid (130 mg).

A preparation of deacylase enzyme was produced from recombinant Streptomyces lividans, which expresses the Actinoplanes utahensis deacylase enzyme. The enzyme in ethylene glycol (400 μl) was added to the solution of N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin (100 mg) in HPLC grade water (20 ml). The solution was adjusted to pH 8.5 with sodium hydroxide (1 M). The mixture was stirred for 24 hours. The mixture was loaded on a C8 resin plug column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave a residue which was applied to an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave deacylated N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin as a pale yellow solid (42 mg).

Deacylated N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin (20 mg) was stirred in dry dimethylformamide (2 ml) at room temperature. Undecyl isocyanate (2.25 mg) was added to the solution. After stirring at ambient temperature for 24 hours, the mixture was diluted with water (10 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave the undecyl urea of N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin as a pale yellow solid (21 mg).

N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin undecyl urea (21 mg) was stirred in trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) and anisole (0.1 ml) at room temperature for 2 hours. Removal of the solvents under reduced pressure gave a residue which was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 3 as a pale yellow solid (0.8 mg).

In an analogous manner, compounds 5-6, 8-13, 20-24, 34-36, 50, 71 and 75 can be prepared as detailed in the above example by appropriate substitutions of reagents.

EXAMPLE 3a Preparation of Compound 7

Deacylated N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin (50 mg) and nonaldehyde (4.1 mg) were stirred in dry dimethylformamide (2 ml) at room temperature. Sodium triacetoxy borohydride (3.6 mg) was added to the solution. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours, then loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave nonyl amino N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin as a pale yellow solid (14 mg).

Nonyl amino N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin (14 mg) was stirred in trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) and anisole (0.1 ml) at room temperature for 2 hours. Removal of the solvents under reduced pressure gave a residue which was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 7 as a pale yellow solid (5 mg).

EXAMPLE 3b Preparation of Compound 17

Deacylated N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin (50 mg) was stirred in dry dimethylformamide (2 ml) at room temperature. Dodecyl isocyanate (6.0 mg) was added to the solution. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours. The mixture was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave the dodecyl urea of N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin as a pale yellow solid (27 mg).

N-Boc tryptophan daptomycin dodecyl urea (25 mg) was stirred in trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) and anisole (0.1 ml) at room temperature for 2 hours. Removal of the solvents under reduced pressure gave a residue which was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 17 as a pale yellow solid (4.3 mg).

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Compounds 69, 25, 56-58, 62-64, 70, 106 and 108

Daptomycin octyl urea synthesized from deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin by using octyl isocyanate according to examples 1 and 1a (60 mg) and N-tBoc-L-tryptophan-p-nitrophenyl ester (31 mg) were stirred in dry dimethylformamide (2 ml) at room temperature for two days. The mixture was loaded onto an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave the acylated intermediate as a pale yellow solid (29 mg).

The acylated intermediate (25 mg) was stirred in trifluoroacetic acid (2 ml) and anisole (0.1 ml) at room temperature for 2 hours. Evaporation under reduced pressure gave a residue which was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and was eluted at 20 ml/min with 37% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate buffer. Fractions containing the desired compound were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin column, washed with water and eluted with methanol. Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 69 as a pale yellow solid (5 mg).

In an analogous manner, compounds 25, 56-58, 62-64, 70, 106 and 108 can be prepared by those having skill in the art as detailed in the above example by appropriate substitutions of reagents.

EXAMPLE 4a Preparation of Compounds 89, 76-78, 87-88 and 113

Daptomycin dodecyl urea synthesized from deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin by using dodecyl isocyanate according to examples 1 and 1 a (200 mg) and 2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde (21 mg) in dry dimethylformamide (1.0 ml) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (152 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours before purification by preparative HPLC. The mixture was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 30 minutes. The desired fractions were collected at 21 minutes and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (3 ml) and applied to a plug of Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin (500 mg). The Bondesil resin was washed with water (10 ml) and then the product was eluted with methanol (10 ml). Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 89 as a pale yellow solid (15 mg).

In an analogous manner, compounds 76-78, 87-88 and 113 can be prepared by those having ordinary skill in the art by following the teachings of the disclosure as detailed in the above example by appropriate substitutions of reagents.

EXAMPLE 4b Preparation of Compound 114

Daptomycin undecyl urea synthesized from deacylated Boc-protected daptomycin using undecyl isocyanate according to examples 1 and 1a (100 mg), and 5-methoxyindole-3-carboxaldehyde (11 mg) in dry dimethylformamide (0.6 ml) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (76 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours before purification by preparative HPLC. The mixture was loaded on an IBSIL-C8 5 μ 250×20.2 mm column and eluted at 25 ml/min with 30-60% acetonitrile in 5 mM ammonium phosphate gradient over 30 minutes. The desired fractions were collected at 21 minutes and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried residue was dissolved in water (2 ml) and applied to a plug of Bondesil 40 μ C8 resin (500 mg). The Bondesil resin was washed with water (10 ml) and then the product was eluted with methanol (10 ml). Evaporation of the methanol gave compound 114 as a pale yellow solid (10 mg).

EXAMPLE 5

Compounds according to Formula I were tested for antimicrobial activity against a panel of organisms according to standard procedures described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS document M7-A5, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2000) except that all testing was performed at 37° C. Compounds were dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide and were diluted to the final reaction concentration (0.1 μg/mL-100 μg/mL) in microbial growth media. In all cases the final concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide incubated with cells is less than or equal to 1%. For minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) calculations, 2-fold dilutions of compounds were added to wells of a microtiter plate containing 5×10⁴ bacteria cells in a final volume of 100 μL of media (Mueller-Hinton Broth supplemented with 50 mg/L Ca²⁺). The optical densities (OD) of the bacterial cells, which measures bacterial cell growth and proliferation, were measured using a commercial plate reader. The MIC value is defined as the lowest compound concentration inhibiting growth of the test organism. The MIC (in μg/ml) values of representative compounds of the present invention are listed in Table VI.

EXAMPLE 6

The in vivo antibacterial activity of Compound 2 (see Table IV) was established by infecting female CD-1 mice (Charles River Lab, Mass.) weighing 19-23 g intraperitoneally with Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) inoculum. The inoculum was prepared from Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43300). The MRSA inoculum was cultured in Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth at 37° C. for 18 hours. The optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) was determined for a 1:10 dilution of the overnight culture. Bacteria (8×10⁸ cfu) was added to 20 ml of phosphate buffered saline (Sigma P-0261) containing 6% hog gastric mucin (Sigma M-2378). Group 1-5 animals were injected with 0.5 ml of the inoculum, equivalent to 2×10⁷ cfu/mouse, which is the dose causing˜100% death of the animals without treatment. Group 6 animals received no inoculum.

The test compound (10 mg) was dissolved in 10.0 ml of 50 mM phosphate buffer to give a solution of 1 mg/ml (pH=7.0). This solution was serially diluted with vehicle by 4-fold (1.5 ml to 6 ml) to give 0.25, 0.063 and 0.016 mg/ml solutions. All the solutions were filtered with 0.2 μm Nalgene syringe filter. Immediately after the bacterial inoculation, group 1 animals were subcutaneously (sc) injected with buffer (no test compound) and groups 2 to 5 were given test compound sc at 10, 2.5, 0.63, and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. Group 6 animals compound 2 s.c at 10 mg/kg only. These injections were repeated once at 4 hours after the inoculation for the respective groups. The injection volume at each time was 10 ml per kilogram of body weight. The results of the in vivo efficacy test are summarized in Table IV, which provides a representative example of the results obtained for Compound 2. The 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) is calculated on the basis of the number of mice surviving 7 days after inoculation. The ED₅₀ in mg/kg of other representative compounds of the present invention are listed in Table V.

TABLE V Survival Group # of mice Inoculated with Treatment (7 days) 1 5 MRSA #43300 Phosphate buffer 0/5 2 × 10⁷ cfu/mouse 10 ml/kg, s.c. ×2 2 5 MRSA #43300 Compound 2 5/5 2 × 10⁷ cfu/mouse 10 mg/kg, s.c. ×2 3 5 MRSA #43300 Compound 2 5/5 2 × 10⁷ cfu/mouse  2.5 mg/kg, s.c. ×2 4 5 MRSA #43300 Compound 2 5/5 2 × 10⁷ cfu/mouse  0.63 mg/kg, s.c. ×2 5 5 MRSA #43300 Compound 2 1/5 2 × 10⁷ cfu/mouse  0.16 mg/kg, s.c. ×2 6 5 NO Compound 2 5/5 10 mg/kg s.c. ×2 The ED₅₀ of compound 2 is calculated to be 0.43 mg/kg.

The ED₅₀ was determined for other compounds of this invention in a similar manner.

TABLE VI MIC MIC Compound (μg/ml) (μg/ml) ED₅₀ # S. aureus E. faecalis (mg/kg) 1 ++ + 2 +++ ++ +++ 3 +++ +++ +++ 5 ++ ++ 6 + 7 + + 8 ++ + 9 ++ + 10 ++ + 11 + + 12 + + 13 ++ + 17 +++ +++ 18 +++ ++ +++ 19 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 ++ 24 +++ + 25 ++ + 34 +++ ++ 35 ++ + 36 + 37 ++ + 38 +++ ++ 39 +++ +++ 40 + 41 43 44 ++ + 45 +++ ++ 46 ++ + 47 +++ +++ 48 +++ +++ +++ 49 ++ ++ 50 +++ ++ 56 ++ + 57 ++ ++ 58 ++ ++ 62 ++ + 63 +++ ++ 64 +++ ++ 69 +++ + 70 71 +++ + 72 +++ + 73 +++ ++ 74 +++ ++ 75 +++ ++ 76 ++ + 77 +++ + 78 ++ + 87 +++ ++ 88 +++ ++ 89 +++ +++ 100 + 106 ++ + 108 ++ 109 ++ + 110 +++ ++ 111 +++ ++ 112 +++ +++ 113 ++ ++ 114 +++ +++ 115 ++ + 116 +++ ++ 117 ++ + 118 +++ +++ 119 +++ ++ 120 +++ +++ 123 ++ 124 ++ +++ 125 ++ +++

Wherein “+++” indicates that the compound has an MIC (μg/ml) of 1 μg/ml or less or an ED₅₀ of 1 mg/kg or less;

“++” indicates that the compound has an MIC (μg/ml) or an ED₅₀ (mg/kg) of more than 1 μg/ml or 1 mg/kg, respectively, but less than or equal to 10 μg/ml or 10 mg/kg, respectively;

“+” indicates that the compound has an MIC (μg/ml) of greater than 10 μg/ml or an ED₅₀ of greater than 10 mg/kg; and

wherein a blank indicates that the MIC or ED₅₀ was not determined.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. 

1. A compound having the formula (I):

and salts thereof, wherein R is:

wherein each of X and X″ is independently C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X), S═O or SO₂; wherein R^(X) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy; wherein B is X″R^(Y), H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein R^(Y) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl; wherein A is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy or aryloxy; provided that when B is H and X is C═O, then A is other than (a) —(C₁-C₁₆ unsubstituted alkyl)-NH₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀ unsubstituted alkyl)-NHC(O)R^(D), wherein R^(D) is (C₁-C₁₇) unsubstituted alkyl or (C₂-C₁₇) unsubstituted alkenyl; (c) —(C₁-C₁₈)-unsubstituted alkyl; (d) —(C₁-C₁₈)-selected substituted alkyl wherein one proton is replaced by a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or C₁-C₃ alkoxy, or one to three protons is replaced by a halo substituent; (e) —(C₄-C₁₈)-unsubstituted alkenyl;

wherein R⁵⁴ is C₁-C₁₇-unsubstituted alkyl or C₂-C₁₇-unsubstituted alkenyl; wherein R⁵⁵ is hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, mercaptoethyl, methylthioethyl, 2-thienyl, 3-indolemethyl, phenyl optionally substituted with a halo, nitro, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkoxy, C₁-C₃-unsubsituted alkylthio, carbamyl or C₁-C₃ unsubstituted alkylcarbamyl; or benzyl optionally substituted with a halo, nitro, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, C₁-C₃-unsubstituted alkoxy, C₁-C₃-unsubsituted alkylthio, carbamyl or C₁-C₃ unsubstituted alkylcarbamyl; wherein t is 0 or 1 and wherein u is an integer from 1-3; when B is H, X together with A is other than 8-methyldecanoyl, 10-methyldodecanoyl, 10-methylundecanoyl, decanoyl, or dodecanovi; and when B is H and X is C═O, then X, together with A, does not form a carbamate amino protecting group; and wherein R¹ is

wherein each of X′ and X′″ is independently C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X)′, S═O or SO₂; wherein m is 0 or 1; wherein R^(X)′ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy; wherein B′ is X′″R^(Y)′, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein R^(Y)′ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl; wherein A′ is H, NH₂, NHR^(A)′, NR^(A)′R^(B)′, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein each of R^(A)′ and R^(B)′ is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or carboalkoxy; wherein when m is 0, then A′ is additionally:

wherein each of R⁵⁰—R⁵³ is independently C₁-C₁₅ alkyl; alternatively, wherein B′ and A′ together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and wherein R² is

wherein K and K′ together form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring or a C₅-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl ring; wherein J is H, amino, NHR^(J), NR^(J)R^(K), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylamino, hydroxyl, thio, alkylthio, alkenylthio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, azido, cyano, halo,

wherein each of R²⁴, R²⁵, and R²⁶ is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl; or R²⁴ and R²⁵ together form a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl ring; wherein each of R^(J) and R^(K) is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; or alternatively, wherein J, together with R¹⁷, forms a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl ring; or alternatively, wherein J, together with both R¹⁷ and R¹⁸, forms a 5-8 membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring; wherein each of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently H, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl or

alternatively wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together form a ketal, thioketal,

wherein each of R²² and R²³ is independently H or alkyl.
 2. A compound having the formula (I):

and salts thereof; wherein R is:

wherein each of X and X″ is independently C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X), S═O or SO₂; wherein R^(X) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy; wherein B is X″R^(Y), H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein R^(Y) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl; wherein B and A together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and wherein R¹ is

wherein each of X′ and X′″ is independently C═O, C═S, C═NH, C═NR^(X)′, S═O or SO₂; wherein m is 0 or 1; wherein R^(X)′ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxy or carboalkoxy; wherein B′ is X′″R^(Y)′, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein R^(Y)′ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or hydroxyl; wherein A′ is H, NH₂, NHR^(A)′, NR^(A)′R^(B)′, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein each of R^(A)′ and R^(B)′ is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or carboalkoxy; wherein when m is 0, then A′ is additionally:

wherein each of R⁵⁰-R⁵³ is independently C₁-C₁₅ alkyl; alternatively, wherein B′ and A′ together form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and wherein R² is

wherein K and K′ together form a C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring or a C₅-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl ring; wherein J is H, amino, NHR^(J), NR^(J)R^(K), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylamino, hydroxyl, thio, alkylthio, alkenylthio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, azido, cyano, halo,

wherein each of R²⁴, R²⁵, and R²⁶ is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl; or R²⁴ and R²⁵ together form a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl ring; wherein each of R^(J) and R^(K) is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; or alternatively, wherein J, together with R¹⁷, forms a 5-8 membered heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl ring; or alternatively, wherein J, together with both R¹⁷ and R¹⁸, forms a 5-8 membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring; and wherein each of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently H, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl or

alternatively, wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together form a ketal, thioketal,

wherein each of R²² and R²³ is independently H or alkyl.
 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R is:

wherein each of R³, R⁴R⁵, and R⁶ is independently H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein R⁴⁴ is alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl and wherein R²⁰⁰ is alkyl.
 4. The compound according to claim 3, wherein R is

wherein R⁴′ is aryl-substituted alkyl, optionally substituted (C₈-C₁₄)-straight chain alkyl or

wherein R⁷ is an alkyl group.
 5. The compound according to claim 4, wherein R is

wherein X³ is chloro or trifluoromethyl.
 6. The compound according to either of claims 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is:

wherein R⁸ is a natural amino acid side chain or an amino acid side chain; wherein each of R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; wherein R¹² is heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aryl, or alkyl and wherein R¹³ is (C₁-C₃-alkyl) or aryl.
 7. The compound according to claim 6, wherein R¹ is:

wherein R⁸ is tryptophan side chain or lysine side chain; wherein each of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently H or alkyl; wherein R¹² is imidazolyl, N-methylimidazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzyloxybenzyl, or benzylpiperidenylbenzyl; and wherein X⁴ is fluoro, or trifluoromethyl.
 8. The compound according to either of claims 1 or 2, wherein J is H, amino, azido or

wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together form a ketal,

or wherein R¹⁷ is hydroxyl when R¹⁸ is H; or wherein J, together with R¹⁷, forms a heterocyclyl ring.
 9. The compound according to claim 8, wherein R² is:

wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ taken together are:

wherein R²² is H or alkyl; and wherein R¹⁹ is H, amino, azido or


10. The compound according to claim 9, wherein R² is


11. The compound according claim 1 wherein said compound is selected from Cpd # R R¹ R² 6

8 NHCO(CH₂)₈CO₂CH₃

9 NHCO(CH₂)₆CO₂CH₃

10 NHCO(CH₂)₆NHBoc

11 NHCO(CH₂)₇NHBoc

12 NHCO(CH₂)₁₀NHBoc

13 NHCO(CH₂)₁₁NHBoc

18

NH₂

19

NH₂

20

21

22

23

24

25

34

35

36

40

NH₂

41

NHBoc

43

NHBoc

44

NHBoc

49

NH₂

50

100

NH₂

106

115

NHBoc

116

NH₂

123 NHCOCH₂S(CH₂)₁₁CH₃ NH₂

124 NHCOCH₂S(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ NH₂

125 NHCOCH₂S(CH₂)₉CH₃ NH₂


12. The compound of claim 11 wherein said compound is Cpd # R R¹ R² 18

NH₂


13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to either of claims 1 or 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 14. A method of treating a bacterial infection in a subject, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically-effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13 to a subject in need thereof for a time and under conditions effective to ameliorate said bacterial infection.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said subject is a human, an animal, a cell culture or a plant.
 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein said bacterial infection is caused by a gram-positive bacteria.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said bacteria is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria that is resistant to an antibiotic that is not included within the scope of Formula (I).
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said antibiotic-resistant bacteria are resistant to an antibiotic selected from vancomycin, methicillin, glycopeptide antibiotics, penicillin or daptomycin.
 19. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of co-administering more than one compound of Formula (I) according to either of claims 1 or 2 to a subject in need thereof.
 20. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of co-administering a second antimicrobial agent wherein said second antimicrobial agent is not included within the scope of Formula (I).
 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said second antimicrobial agent is selected from penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, bacitracin, gramicidin, mupirocin, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, fusidate sodium, lincomycin, clindamycin, macrolides, novobiocin, polymyxins, rifamycins, spectinomycin, tetracyclines, vancomycin, teicoplanin, streptogramins, anti-folate agents, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), cycloserine, capreomycin, ethionamide, prothionamide, thiacetazone, viomycin, everninomicin, glycopeptide, glycylcycline, ketolides, oxazolidinones, imipenen, amikacin, netilmicin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ZIRACIN (56-deacetyl-57-demethyl-45-O-de(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-12-O-(2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-4-O-methyl-3-nitro-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)flambamycin), LY333328 (oritavancin), linezolid (N-[[(5S)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]acetamide), SYNERCID (dalfopristin-quinupristin), aztreonam (2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid), metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol), epiroprim (5-[[3,5-diethoxy-4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine), OCA-983 (1-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-2,5-anhydro-3-S-[(4R,5S,6S)-2-carboxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-3-yl]-1,4-dideoxy-3-thio-D-threo-pentitol), GV-143253 (trinem), sanfetrinem ((1S, 5S, 8aS, 8bR)-1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a, 8b-octahydro-1-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5-methoxy-2-oxo-azeto[2,1-a]isoindole-4-carboxylic acid), CS-834 ((4R, 5S, 6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-3-[[(3R)-5-oxo-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)methyl ester), biapenem (6-[[(4R,5S,6S)-2-carboxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-3-yl]thio]-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium inner salt), KA 159 (stipiamide), dynemicin A((1S,4R,4aR, 14S,14aS,18Z)-1,4,7,12,13, 14-hexahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-1-methyl-7,12-dioxo-4a, 14a-epoxy-4,14-[3]hexene[1,5]diynonaphtho[2,3-c]phenanthridine-2-carboxylic acid), DX8739 ((4R,5S,6S)-3-[[(3S,5S)-5-[[4-[(2S)-5-amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxopentyl]-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), DU 6681 ((4R,5S,6S)-3-[[(6S)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-6-yl]thio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), cefluprenam ((2E)-N-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-3-[(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)[(fluoro methoxy)imino]acetyl]amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-2-propen-1-aminium inner salt), ER 35786 ((4R,5S,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-[[(3S,5S)-5-[(R)-hydroxy(3R)-3-pyrrolidinylmethyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monohydrochloride), cefoselis((6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxy imino)acetyl]amino]-3-[[2,3-dihydro-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), sanfetrinem celexetil ((1S,5S,8aS,8bR)-1,2,5,6,7,8,8a,8b-octahydro-1-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5-methoxy-2-oxo-azeto[2,1-a]isoindole-4-carboxylic acid 1-[(cyclohexyloxy)carbonyl]oxy]ethyl ester), cefpirome (1-[[(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium inner salt), HMR-3647 (3-de[(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-11,12-dideoxy-6-O-methyl-3-oxo-12,11-[oxycarbonyl[[4-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]butyl]imino]]-erythromycin), RU-59863 (C-7 catechol substituted cephalosporin), KP 736 ((6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)[[(1,4-dihydro-1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-pyridinyl)methoxy]imino]acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-[(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylthio)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid disodium salt), Rifalazil (1′,4-didehydro-1-deoxy-1,4-dihydro-3′-hydroxy-5′-[4-(2-methylpropyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-oxo-rifamycin VIII), MEN 10700 ((5R,6S)-3-[[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)methylamino]methyl]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), lenapenem ((4R,5S,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-[[(3S,5S)-5-[(1R)-1 hydroxy-3-(methylamino)propyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), BO 2502A ((4R,5S,6S)-3-[(2S,3′S,4S)-[2,3′-bipyrrolidin]-4-ylthio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), NE-1530 (3′-sialyllacto-N-neotetraose), K130 (5-[[4-[3-[[4-[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl]phenyl]amino]propoxy]-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine), PD 138312 ((R)-7-[3-(1-amino-1-methylethyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid), PD 140248 (7-[(3R)-3-[(1S)-1-aminoethyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid), CP 111905 (5-deoxy-5-[[(2E)-3-[3-hydroxy-4-(2-propenyloxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-1,2-O-methylene-D-neo-inositol), sulopenem ((5R,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[[(1R,3S)-tetrahydro-1-oxido-3-thienyl]thio]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), ritipenam acoxyl ((5R,6R)-3-[[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (acetyloxy)methyl ester), RO-65-5788 ((6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino]-3-[(E)-[(3′R)-1′-[[(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methoxy]carbonyl]-2-oxo[1,3′-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monosodium salt), Sch-40832 (N-[[48-[1-[[2,6-dideoxy-3-O-(2,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl]oxy]ethyl]-15-ethylidene-1,3a,4,5,10,11,12,13,14,15,19,20,21,22,28, 29,41,42-octadecahydro-41-hydroxy-12,45-bis(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-22-(1-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-36-methyl-51,54,57-tris(methylene)-3-(methylthio)-10,13,20,27,38,49,52,55,58-nonaoxo-18H,27H-5a,29-(iminoethaniminoethanimino ethaniminoethanimino[7,2]quinolinomethanoxy methano)-9,6:19,16:26,23:33,30-tetranitrilo-16H,33aH-imidazo[1′,5′:1,6]pyrido [3,2-m][1,11,17,24,4,7,20, 27]tetrathiatetraazacyclotriacontin-1-yl]carbonyl]-2,3-didehydroalanyl-2,3-didehydro-alanine methyl ester stereoisomer), micacocidin A ((OC-6-26-A)-[(4S)-2-[(2S)-2-[(2R,4R)-2-[(4R)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-(hydroxy-.kappa.O)-6-pentylphenyl]-4-thiazolyl-.kappa.N3]-3-methyl-4-thiazolidinyl-.kappa.N3]-2-(hydroxy-.kappa.O)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylato(2-)-.kappa.N3, .kappa.O4]-Zinc), SR-15402 ((1S,5S,8aS,8bR)-1,2,5,6,7,8,8a,8b-octahydro-1-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-5-[(3S)-3-pyrrolidinylthio]-azeto[2,1-a]isoindole-4-carboxylic acid TOC 39 (1-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-4-[[(1E)-2-[(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl) (hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]ethenyl]thio]-pyridinium inner salt), carumonam ([[(Z)-[2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-acetic acid), cefozopran (1-[[(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)(methoxy imino)acetyl]amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazinium inner salt), cefetamet pivoxil ((6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxy imino)acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)methyl ester), or T 3811 (des-F(6)-quinolone).
 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein said antimicrobial agent is selected from imipenen, amikacin, netilmicin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, teicoplanin, ZIRACIN (56-deacetyl-57-demethyl-45-O-de(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-12-O-(2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-4-O-methyl-3-nitro-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)flambamycin), LY333328 (oritavancin), HMR-3647 (3-de[(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-11,12-dideoxy-6-O-methyl-3-oxo-12,11-[oxycarbonyl[[4-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]butyl]imino]]-erythromycin), linezolid (N-[[(5S)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl) phenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]acetamide), SYNERCID (dalfopristin-quinupristin), aztreonam (2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid), or metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol).
 23. The method according to claim 15, wherein said subject is a human or an animal.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said subject is a human.
 25. The compound of claim 1 having the formula (II):

wherein R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁵⁶ is an optionally substituted straight-chain C₈-C₁₄ alkyl group and wherein q′ is 1-3.
 26. The compound according to claim 25, wherein said compound is selected from: Compound # R¹⁴ 45

37

46

38

47

39


27. A compound having the formula (I′):

and salts thereof; wherein R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹ and R¹⁰² are selected from: Cpd # R¹⁰⁰ R¹⁰¹ R¹⁰² 72

NHBoc

73

NHBoc

74

NHBoc

109 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₇CH₃ NHBoc

110 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₉CH₃ NHBoc

111 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₇CH₃ NH₂

112 NHCOCHCH(CH₂)₉CH₃ NH₂


28. The method according to claim 20, wherein the second antimicrobial agent is a synthetic antibacterial selected from nitrofurans, methenamine mandelate or methenamine hippurate. 